Net profit is a line in the income statement, not money sitting in the company's bank account. A simple ratio exposes the gap between the two: operating cash flow divided by net profit. In the Tehran Oil Refining (ticker Shatran) case that Sahmino published on 14 July 2026 (23 Tir 1405), that ratio stood at 23% for fiscal year 1404 (2025/26), meaning only 23 of every 100 units of reported profit had turned into cash.
Today, Wednesday 5 August 2026 (14 Mordad 1405), the Tehran Stock Exchange main index (TEDPIX) rose 2.44% to 5,406,137, passing the 5.4 million mark for the first time. In a market where quarterly filings land on Codal one after another and jumping profits make the headlines, this ratio is the cheapest way to separate profit that has been collected from profit that so far exists only on paper. What was once run as a single-company case study becomes, in this report, a repeatable tool for any ticker.
Background: accounting profit and cash are not the same thing
Accrual accounting recognises revenue when a sale is realised, not when the money arrives. If a company delivers goods and issues an invoice, that sale and its profit enter the income statement in the same period, even if not a rial has been received from the buyer. The outstanding claim sits on the balance sheet under "trade accounts receivable".
Nothing improper has happened at this point; this is precisely what accounting standards prescribe. The problem lies elsewhere: recognised profit creates a tax liability and an expectation of a dividend, while the cash that must settle those obligations has not yet arrived. The cash flow statement exists exactly to close that gap. For the six key numbers in any filing, How to Read a Financial Statement in 5 Minutes: A Practical Guide to Codal Reports is the starting point.
How the ratio is calculated, and where it sits in Codal
The calculation is one division: net cash flow from operating activities, divided by net profit for the same period. Both figures live in the Codal disclosure system, in the same financial statement package: net profit at the foot of the income statement, and operating cash flow in the first section of the cash flow statement, ahead of the investing and financing sections. For the comparison to mean anything, both must come from the same period and preferably from audited statements.
On what counts as a normal range, there is an analytical rule of thumb rather than a binding standard: a ratio near 100% means reported profit has been converted into cash almost in full. The important nuance is that in capital-intensive industries the ratio should usually be above 100%, because depreciation is a non-cash expense and is added back when operating cash flow is computed. So for a refiner carrying heavy property, plant and equipment, a reading below 100% says more than it appears to at first glance.
The numbers: one documented, already published case
Every figure below is drawn from Shatran Under the Lens: Is Tehran Oil Refining's 335% Gross-Profit Jump Real or Paper?, which Sahmino published on 14 July 2026 (23 Tir 1405) on the basis of the fiscal 1404 statements. One hemat equals one thousand billion tomans, that is one trillion tomans.
| Measure (fiscal year 1404) | Value |
|---|
| Operating revenue growth | 32% (from 3,826 to 5,055 trillion tomans) |
| Gross profit growth | 335% (from 188 to 818 trillion tomans) |
| Net profit | 799 trillion tomans (up 287%) |
| Operating cash flow | 187 trillion tomans |
| Cash conversion ratio | 23% |
| Trade accounts receivable | from 271 to 1,010 trillion tomans (up 273%) |
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | from about 26 to about 73 days |
Two figures in that table only make sense side by side: revenue grew 32%, but trade receivables grew 273%. When claims grow several times faster than sales, a large part of recognised profit has not yet become money. The effect on earnings per share is measurable too: restated on an operating cash flow basis, EPS works out at about 292 rials against the 1,249 rials reported. And of the 980 trillion tomans by which total assets grew, 739 trillion was simply the increase in accounts receivable, meaning roughly three quarters of the balance sheet's expansion came from uncollected claims rather than productive assets.
Drivers: credit sales, or just the effect of inflation?
This is the most delicate part of the analysis, and where most mistakes are made. In an inflationary economy, growth in accounts receivable has two entirely different sources, and failing to separate them leads to the wrong conclusion.
The first source is inflation in selling prices. When the year-on-year inflation rate stands at 87.9% in Tir 1405 (July 2026, Statistical Center of Iran), the same physical sales volume on the same credit terms roughly doubles the rial value of receivables. That growth is nominal and says nothing about the company's collection behaviour.
The second source is a genuine change in selling conditions: longer credit terms, slower customers, or a buyer without the ability to pay. That one does bear on earnings quality.
The way to separate them is to compare growth rates, not absolute amounts. If receivables and revenue have grown at roughly the same pace, both are probably just reflecting inflation. If receivables grow far faster than revenue, something beyond inflation is at work. The sharper measure is days sales outstanding, which, because it is expressed in days, neutralises the inflation effect: in the example above it moved from about 26 days to about 73 days, and a near tripling of collection time cannot be explained by inflation.
One important caveat: the identity of the counterparty matters. Receivables owed by a state entity are usually not a credit assessment problem but a question of timing and of the inflationary erosion of the claim's value. In either case, a low ratio raises a question; it does not deliver a verdict.
Three warning signs visible in Codal
- A persistent divergence between profit and cash: a cash conversion ratio that stays below the conventional range over several consecutive periods, not just one quarter. A single weak period can be a timing issue; several in a row are a pattern.
- Receivables growing far faster than revenue: combined with a marked increase in days sales outstanding. That combination is two signals rather than one, which is what separates it from ordinary fluctuation.
- The composition of balance sheet growth: when most of the increase in assets comes from receivables or inventory rather than productive assets, a balance sheet that looks stronger at first glance has in fact been inflated with low-quality items.
None of these three, alone or together, is evidence of wrongdoing. They are questions that should be answered before leaning on any valuation ratio. The broader framework for that work is set out in What Is Fundamental Analysis, and How Is a Stock's Intrinsic Value Estimated?
Outlook
This section is interpretation, not reported fact. Through the interim reporting season, the gap between profit and cash can be expected to be more pronounced than the market average at companies whose major buyer is a state or quasi-state entity, because settlement mechanisms there are slower. Whether that gap closes or persists depends on actual collections in later periods, and will be verifiable from those periods' statements rather than from any forecast. At the market level, an index rally on a day like today does not mean corporate earnings quality has improved; the two variables are independent, and one does not stand in for the other. The detail of today's session is in Iran Market Pulse: Wednesday Midday, August 5, 2026.
Conclusion
Net profit states what a company claims; operating cash flow states how much of that claim has become money so far. In the one documented example in this report, fiscal 1404 gross profit rose 335% to 818 trillion tomans, while operating cash flow stayed at 187 trillion against net profit of 799 trillion: a ratio of 23%.
This matters twice over in an economy with 87.9% inflation (Tir 1405, Statistical Center of Iran), because a claim collected late loses part of its purchasing power. Remember one thing: a low cash conversion ratio is not an accusation, it is a question, and the answer is to be found in the following periods of the same financial statements, not in the headline of a profit release.
What to watch
- The trend in the operating cash flow to net profit ratio across several consecutive periods, not a single quarter.
- The ratio of receivables growth to operating revenue growth, alongside the change in days sales outstanding measured in days.
- The share of receivables and inventory in the total increase in balance sheet assets.
- The notes to the financial statements on the composition of debtors and the allowance for doubtful receivables.
- Whether the cash dividend proposed by the board at the annual general meeting is proportionate to the same period's operating cash flow.
This report is a methodological analysis based on published data, neutral and without any buy or sell recommendation. The ratios described are tools for asking questions and are not on their own a basis for an investment decision.
